Category: Bio Ethanol

India’s drive to blend 20 percent ethanol into petrol by 2025–26 and thereby achieving green future represents a critical step toward reducing oil imports, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and supporting rural incomes. Initially, sugarcane and surplus rice were the primary feedstocks for ethanol production—so-called first-generation (1G) biofuels. However, mounting evidence shows that reliance on these food crops is neither sustainable nor scalable. From falling sugarcane yields and water scarcity to concerns over diverting staple grains, it’s clear that India must look beyond sugar and rice. Second-generation (2G) ethanol—made from agricultural residues like rice straw—offers a far more sustainable path. Companies such as Khaitan Bio Energy are leading this transition, demonstrating how innovative technologies can convert farm waste into clean fuel while protecting food security and the environment.

Why Sugar-Based Ethanol Is Losing Steam

For over a decade, India’s ethanol blending program for green future depended heavily on sugarcane, using both molasses and cane juice. Yet recent trends have exposed serious constraints:

• Declining Yields: Poor monsoon rains, disease outbreaks (e.g., red rot), and soil exhaustion have cut sugarcane output from 315.4 lakh tonnes in 2023–24 to 257.4 lakh tonnes in 2024–25.
  
• Water Intensity: Producing one litre of sugarcane ethanol can require up to 2,860 litres of water—unsustainable in water-stressed regions like Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.
  
• Price Sensitivity: Global sugar price fluctuations directly affect ethanol economics. When sugar prices rise, mills divert less cane to ethanol, threatening blending targets.
  
• Geographical Limits: Sugarcane cultivation and associated distilleries are concentrated in a few states, creating transport bottlenecks and uneven blending infrastructure across India.
  

Together, these factors mean sugar-based ethanol alone cannot meet India’s growing fuel-blending targets without jeopardizing water resources, crop incomes, and the reliability of ethanol supply.

The Rice Diversion Dilemma

To diversify, the government approved the use of Food Corporation of India (FCI) rice for ethanol. In May 2025, an additional 2.8 million tonnes of FCI rice were sanctioned—bringing total rice allocation to 5.2 million tonnes for the 2024–25 ethanol supply year Down To Earth. While this move helped boost ethanol output—enough to produce roughly 2.45 billion litres—diverting rice poses serious risks:

Food Security

Rice is a staple food for a large part of India’s population. Diverting millions of tonnes of it toward ethanol production could threaten food availability, especially in years when harvests are lower than usual. This diversion could lead to price hikes, making rice less affordable for many, and increasing the risk of food insecurity in vulnerable communities.

Supply Chain Strain

Increased demand for rice to produce ethanol puts pressure on India’s well-established food procurement and distribution systems. These systems are vital for delivering subsidized food to millions of people. Using large quantities of rice for fuel could disrupt these networks, causing logistical bottlenecks and reducing the efficiency of food delivery mechanisms.

Policy Backlash

The use of food grains like rice for fuel has triggered concern among both the public and policymakers. It raises ethical and strategic questions about prioritizing fuel over food. This ongoing debate highlights the urgent need for more sustainable and non-food-based alternatives, such as second-generation ethanol from agricultural waste like rice straw for a green future.

The rice-for-fuel strategy is a stopgap at best. Long-term energy security demands feedstocks that spare the country’s precious food reserves.

Why 2G Ethanol from Rice Straw Makes Sense

Second-generation (2G) biofuels use non-food biomass—lignocellulosic residues such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and forestry waste. Rice straw stands out for several reasons:

• Abundant Raw Material: India generates an estimated 168 million tonnes of rice straw annually, with 39–47 million tonnes available as surplus Down To Earth.
  
• Stubble Burning Mitigation: Farmers routinely burn rice straw to clear fields, causing severe air pollution. Converting straw to ethanol reduces this practice and its health hazards.
  
• No Food Competition: Rice straw is a waste product, so its use for fuel does not compromise food availability.
  
• Rural Livelihoods: Purchasing straw for ethanol gives paddy farmers an extra income stream, boosting rural economies.
  

By tapping into rice straw, India can scale ethanol production without the drawbacks of sugarcane or rice grain feedstocks.

 Comparing Ethanol Feedstocks

Feedstock	Food vs. Fuel	Water Use	Annual Availability	Environmental Impact
Sugarcane Molasses	Low food impact	Very high	32 lakh tonnes ethanol	High water stress; fertilizer runoff; limited to certain states
FCI Rice Grain	High food impact	Moderate	5.2 million tonnes rice	Diverts staple grain; risk of food shortages
Rice Straw (2G)	No food impact	Low	~40 million tonnes	Reduces stubble burning; uses agricultural waste; low water footprint

Benefits and Challenges of 2G Ethanol

Benefits:

• Sustainability: Utilizes waste; avoids food-fuel conflicts.
  
• Emission Reductions: Cuts open-field burning and greenhouse gases.
  
• Economic Uplift: Creates new markets for farm residues; spurs bio-refinery jobs.
  

Challenges:

• Technology Complexity: Lignocellulosic biomass requires advanced pre-treatment and enzymes to release fermentable sugars.
  
• Higher Capital Costs: 2G bio-refineries need greater upfront investment than 1G plants.
  
• Logistics: Collecting, transporting, and storing bulky straw feedstocks demands robust supply chains.
  

The chart shows a balanced view of key advantages like environmental benefits, rural income support, and emissions reduction, along with notable challenges such as high setup cost, technological complexity, and supply chain issues.

Overcoming these issues requires targeted policy support, technology partnerships, and financing models that de-risk investment in 2G infrastructure.

 Khaitan Bio Energy’s Game-Changing Role

Khaitan Bio Energy has emerged as a pioneer in India’s 2G biofuel landscape focussing green future. It has patented technology to produce 2G Ethanol using biomass with zero discharge from the  biorefinery. The main features of the technology are:

• Integrated, Zero-Liquid-Discharge (ZLD) Design: Efficient water recycling and minimal effluent generation.
  
• Advanced Pretreatment: Energy-efficient reactors and enzymatic hydrolysis processes maximize sugar yield from tough rice straw fibers.
  
• Byproduct Valorization: Extracted silica and lignin are used for steam generation, enhancing plant economics and sustainability.
  
• Local Farmer Engagement: Contracts with paddy growers ensure a reliable straw supply, boosting rural incomes and reducing stubble burning.
  

By combining cutting-edge technology with circular-economy principles, Khaitan Bio Energy demonstrates how 2G ethanol can be both environmentally and commercially viable.

Policy and Investment Imperatives

To scale 2G ethanol from rice straw nationally, coordinated action is needed:

• Incentives for Feedstock Supply: Minimum purchase prices for straw and grants for collection infrastructure.
  
• Capital Subsidies: Loan guarantees and viability gap funding for 2G plant developers.
  
• Research & Development Support: Grants for process optimization and enzyme cost reduction.
  
• Blending Mandate Flexibility: Progressive blending targets that recognize the longer ramp-up for 2G capacity.
  

Such measures will encourage more private and public players to enter the 2G ethanol space, accelerating India’s green-fuel transition.

The Road Ahead

India’s ethanol blending journey must evolve from its 1G origins to embrace multi-feedstock strategies centered on sustainability. Rice straw–based 2G ethanol addresses the twin challenges of energy security and agricultural pollution. With innovators like Khaitan Bio Energy leading the charge—and with the right policy ecosystem—India can meet and exceed its 20 percent blending goal without compromising food supplies or natural resources.

The shift to 2G ethanol is not just a technological upgrade; it’s a systems change that empowers farmers, protects public health, and strengthens India’s energy sovereignty. By leveraging abundant agricultural residues, the country can chart a truly green and resilient energy future—one straw at a time.

Introduction

India has set an ambitious goal: blending 20% ethanol into petrol by 2025–26. This move aims to reduce the country’s dependence on imported oil and lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, the path to achieve Moving Beyond Sugar and Rice by Rethinking Ethanol target is fraught with challenges, especially concerning the sources of ethanol production. Traditionally, ethanol in India has been produced from sugarcane and surplus food grains like rice. While these sources have served well initially, they are now presenting significant constraints, prompting a shift towards more sustainable alternatives like second-generation (2G) ethanol derived from rice straw.

The Limitations of Sugar-Based Ethanol: Why India Needs to Look Beyond Sugar

India is aiming to blend 20% ethanol into petrol by 2025–26 to reduce oil imports and fight pollution. For the past few years, most of India’s ethanol has come from sugarcane, especially molasses and sugarcane juice. While this helped launch India’s ethanol program, it’s now clear that sugar alone can’t take us all the way. There are serious problems with relying too much on sugarcane to make ethanol.

Let’s take a closer look at the limitations—and why it’s time to explore better, cleaner alternatives.

1. Sugarcane Production Is Falling

Sugarcane farming depends a lot on water, healthy soil, and good weather. Recently, sugar output has been falling because of:

• A disease called red rot damages crops.
  
• Less rainfall and dry weather in key sugarcane regions.
  
• Lower sugar recovery rates, meaning less sugar is extracted from the same crop.
  

In the 2024–25 season, India’s sugar production dropped from 315.4 to 257.4 lakh metric tons. This directly affects ethanol production, as less sugar means less ethanol.

2. Too Much Water Is Needed

Sugarcane needs a lot of water. Producing just one litre of ethanol from sugarcane can take nearly 2,860 litres of water. In areas where water is already scarce, this puts a big strain on farmers and the environment.

If we continue to use sugarcane for ethanol, it may worsen water shortages, especially in places like Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.

3. Using Sugar for Fuel Affects Food Prices

Sugar is not just for making ethanol—it’s a food product. If more sugarcane is used to make fuel, there’s less sugar available for people to eat. This can cause sugar prices to rise.

Also, if ethanol prices go up or sugar production falls, the fuel supply is affected. This creates a risky situation where food and fuel are competing for the same crop.

4. Limited to Few States

Sugarcane is grown mostly in certain states. Ethanol plants are usually located near these sugarcane farms. This means:

• Ethanol has to be transported long distances, which costs more.
  
• Some states don’t have the right infrastructure to blend ethanol into petrol.
  

So, relying only on sugar-based ethanol doesn’t support nationwide fuel blending equally.

5. Climate Risks

Sugarcane farming is vulnerable to climate change. Unpredictable rains, extreme heat, and crop diseases make it hard to grow sugarcane consistently. This means ethanol supply from sugar is unstable and risky for the future.

The Risks of Diverting Rice for Ethanol

In an attempt to diversify ethanol sources, the government approved the use of surplus rice from the Food Corporation of India (FCI) for ethanol production. While this move aims to utilize excess stock, it raises several concerns:

• Food Security Threats: Diverting rice, a staple food for a significant portion of the population, towards ethanol production can lead to food shortages and increased prices, especially during years of poor harvests.
  
• Environmental Concerns: Rice cultivation is water-intensive. Increasing its production for ethanol purposes can strain water resources, exacerbating environmental issues.
  
• Policy Implications: The decision to use food grains for fuel has sparked debates about the balance between energy needs and food security, emphasizing the need for alternative solutions.

Embracing 2G Ethanol from Rice Straw: A Sustainable Alternative

Given the challenges associated with sugarcane and rice, attention is turning towards second-generation (2G) ethanol produced from agricultural residues like rice straw. This approach offers multiple benefits:

• Abundant Raw Material: India produces approximately 168 million tons of rice straw annually, with about 39 to 47 million tons available as surplus. Utilizing this waste not only provides a sustainable feedstock for ethanol but also addresses the issue of stubble burning, which contributes to air pollution.
  
• Environmental Benefits: Converting rice straw into ethanol reduces greenhouse gas emissions and mitigates the environmental hazards associated with stubble burning.
  
• Economic Opportunities: This approach can provide farmers with an additional source of income by selling their agricultural waste, promoting rural development.
  

Khaitan Bio Energy: Leading the 2G Ethanol Revolution

Khaitan Bio Energy is at the forefront of this sustainable shift. The company has patented technology to produce 2G ethanol using rice straw, demonstrating high efficiency and lower costs due to production of additional products namely, Silica and Gypsum. Their pilot plant has already showcased an end-to-end process with zero liquid discharge, utilizing advanced technologies for sugar treatment, dewatering, and recycling. Prioritising a sustainable and green future is the need of the hour and Khaitan Bio Energy is committed to achieving that goal through its innovations.

Conclusion: Charting a Sustainable Path Forward

India’s ethanol blending targets are commendable, aiming to enhance energy security and reduce environmental impact. However, the current reliance on sugarcane and rice poses significant challenges, including food security risks and environmental concerns. Embracing 2G ethanol production from rice straw offers a viable and sustainable alternative, addressing these issues while promoting rural development and environmental conservation.

Khaitan Bio Energy is showing how new and smart solutions can help India reach its clean energy goals. By turning farm waste into fuel, the company is helping the country move toward a greener and safer energy future—one that supports both the needs of people and the health of the planet.

Introduction

The global push for sustainable energy has led to the rise of biofuel plants, which not only produce clean fuel but also generate valuable industrial byproducts. Among these, gypsum and silica have emerged as highly beneficial materials with applications across multiple industries. By 2025, advancements in biofuel technology are expected to further enhance the extraction and utilization of these byproducts, contributing to sustainable development and economic growth.

How Gypsum and Silica Are Generated in Biofuel Plants

In second-generation (2G) bioethanol production, agricultural residues like rice husks, wheat straw, and sugarcane bagasse are processed. During this conversion, biomass undergoes chemical and thermal treatments, leading to the formation of silica-rich ash and gypsum deposits. These materials, once considered waste, are now being repurposed for their industrial and environmental benefits.

Silica (SiO₂) is formed during biomass combustion, where it is extracted from plant residues such as rice husk ash and wheat straw. This high-purity silica can be used in various industries, including construction, electronics, rubber tyres, and energy storage. On the other hand, gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) is generated as a byproduct in bioethanol plants, particularly where sulfur-based processing is used. This widely used material has applications in construction, agriculture, and industrial manufacturing.

The Role of Gypsum and Silica in Key Industries in 2025

1. Sustainable Construction & Infrastructure

Silica plays a crucial role in the construction industry by enhancing the strength and durability of concrete. It serves as an essential pozzolanic material that improves the performance of cement, reducing the CO₂ emissions associated with traditional cement production. Additionally, biofuel-derived silica is being used in high-performance glass manufacturing, contributing to the development of energy-efficient buildings and solar panels.

Similarly, gypsum is extensively used in drywall and plaster applications. Its fire-resistant properties make it an ideal choice for enhancing building safety, while its ability to replace mined gypsum significantly reduces environmental degradation. Additionally, gypsum improves insulation, contributing to the energy efficiency of modern green buildings.

A recent report by the Global Construction Review (2024) highlights that using biofuel-derived silica and gypsum in construction materials can cut production costs by 20% while increasing material longevity by 15%. These findings underscore the growing potential of biofuel byproducts in revolutionizing the construction sector.

2. Agriculture: Enhancing Soil Quality & Crop Yield

Silica is proving to be an essential element in sustainable agriculture. It strengthens plant cell walls, enhancing their resistance to pests and diseases. This increased durability also improves the ability of crops to withstand extreme weather conditions such as droughts. Moreover, biofuel-derived silica has been shown to enhance water retention in soil, leading to better nutrient absorption and improved crop yields for rice, wheat, and sugarcane.

Gypsum, on the other hand, serves as an excellent soil conditioner. It effectively reduces soil salinity, enhances root penetration, and improves soil aeration, leading to healthier crop growth. The presence of calcium and sulfur in gypsum supports plant nutrition, minimizing the need for synthetic fertilizers.

A 2023 study by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) found that applying silica and gypsum from biofuel plants increased wheat crop yields by 18% while simultaneously reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. This demonstrates the potential of these biofuel byproducts in transforming the agricultural industry.

3. Rubber Industry

Silica is a synthetic rubber material which boosts traction, rolling resistance, and the tyre’s tread life. It is considered the rubber industry’s most essential and cost-effective reinforcing filler after carbon black. Silica-filled tyres are commonly used in passenger vehicles, particularly in European markets. They are also used in some high-performance and eco-friendly tyre products.

Silica improves tyres wet grip, helping vehicles stay in contact with the road, while also reducing rolling resistance, which can help save fuel and reduce CO2 emissions. Silica is also used in industrial rubber goods like conveyor belts and colored rubber products. 

4. Electronics & Renewable Energy

The electronics and renewable energy sectors are also benefiting from biofuel-derived silica. High-purity silica is a fundamental component in semiconductor production, essential for microchips and electronic devices. Its superior properties contribute to improved efficiency in the manufacturing of solar panels, further promoting clean energy adoption. Additionally, silica is used in lithium-ion batteries, enhancing their performance and durability for electric vehicles and energy storage solutions.

Gypsum also plays an essential role in industrial applications, particularly in paper manufacturing, ceramics, and paint production. It helps improve paper quality, provides a smooth finish to ceramics, and ensures better durability in paints.

According to the Global Industrial Minerals Association (2024), the demand for biofuel-derived silica and gypsum is expected to rise by 25% by 2030 due to their increasing use in green technologies and sustainable industrial applications.

Environmental & Economic Benefits of Utilizing These Byproducts

The integration of gypsum and silica into mainstream industries brings several environmental and economic benefits. Utilizing these byproducts significantly reduces waste disposal in landfills, helping to promote a circular economy. Additionally, it lowers the carbon footprint by decreasing the reliance on mined materials, which are energy-intensive to extract and process.

The economic benefits are equally substantial, as these materials offer cost-effective alternatives for industries. By replacing traditional raw materials with biofuel-derived gypsum and silica, companies can achieve substantial savings while maintaining high product quality. Furthermore, the growth of this sector is creating new job opportunities in biofuel production, material recovery, and sustainable industrial practices.

Challenges & Future Prospects

Khaitan Bio Energy has a patented technology that not only produces 2G Ethanol, but also produces 2 vital byproducts, namely, gypsum and silica. By doing so, the company is not only optimizing resource utilization but also leading the charge towards a more sustainable future.

Despite their benefits, there are challenges to the widespread adoption of biofuel-derived silica and gypsum. One of the key obstacles is the lack of awareness among industries regarding the potential applications of these materials. Many businesses continue to rely on traditional sources, unaware of the cost-effective and sustainable alternatives available through biofuel production.

Another significant challenge is the policy gap surrounding industrial byproducts. While governments are increasingly promoting sustainable materials, clearer regulations are needed to facilitate the large-scale use of silica and gypsum from biofuel plants. Additionally, further investment in technology development is required to optimize the extraction and processing of these byproducts, ensuring consistent quality and supply.

The Road Ahead: 2025 & Beyond

By 2025, the landscape of industrial byproducts is expected to evolve rapidly. Increased government incentives for sustainable materials, higher industry adoption, and advancements in biofuel technology will drive the widespread use of gypsum and silica across multiple sectors. The role of biofuel plants will extend beyond energy production, serving as key contributors to the circular economy.

As Khaitan Bio Energy continues to pioneer sustainable solutions, it remains committed to ensuring that biofuel production is not just about energy but also about creating valuable resources that support a greener world.

Introduction

The journey towards net zero emissions is one of the most urgent global goals in today’s fight against climate change. The Road to Net Zero means balancing the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted with the amount removed from the atmosphere. While much attention is given to energy, transport, and industrial emissions, agriculture plays a crucial role in the climate equation. In India, where agriculture is a primary livelihood for millions, addressing emissions from farming practices is essential for a sustainable future. Among these practices, stubble burning is a major contributor to air pollution and climate change. However, innovative solutions like those offered by Khaitan Bio Energy are paving the way for a cleaner, greener future.

Understanding Agricultural Emissions

Agriculture contributes significantly to global GHG emissions. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), agriculture accounts for about 18% of total global emissions. These emissions come from various sources:

• Methane (CH₄): Released by livestock during digestion (enteric fermentation) and from manure management.
• Nitrous Oxide (N₂O): Emitted from fertilized soils and crop residue.
• Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Produced by machinery used in farming and from the burning of agricultural residue.

In India, stubble burning is one of the largest contributors to agricultural emissions. Farmers, particularly in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, burn crop residue (stubble) to quickly clear fields for the next planting season. While this practice is cost-effective for farmers, it releases large amounts of harmful pollutants into the air, including carbon dioxide, methane, and particulate matter (PM2.5).

Stubble Burning: A Major Environmental Concern

Every year, as winter approaches, northern India faces a severe air pollution crisis. A major contributor to this is the burning of crop stubble after the paddy harvest. The smoke from these fires mixes with industrial and vehicular emissions, leading to hazardous air quality levels across cities, especially in Delhi NCR.

According to a 2024 report by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), over 15,000 incidents of stubble burning were recorded across Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh during the harvesting season. Despite government efforts to curb this practice, it continues due to economic constraints faced by farmers and a lack of viable alternatives.

The impact of stubble burning isn’t limited to air pollution. It also affects soil health by reducing its nutrient content and leads to a loss of biodiversity. The resulting smog hampers visibility, increases respiratory ailments, and has broader public health implications.Addressing stubble burning is a critical step on The Road to Net Zero, transforming agricultural waste into sustainable energy solutions

The Role of Khaitan Bio Energy in Reducing Agricultural Emissions

Khaitan Bio Energy is at the forefront of providing sustainable solutions to combat the problem of stubble burning and agricultural emissions. By converting agricultural waste into biofuels, Khaitan Bio Energy not only offers farmers an alternative to burning but also contributes to the production of renewable energy, which is key to reducing carbon emissions.

How Khaitan Bio Energy’s Solutions Work

1. Collection of Crop Residue: Instead of burning the stubble, farmers are encouraged to sell their crop residue to bioenergy companies like Khaitan Bio Energy, thereby, providing farmers with additional income. This also provides opportunity for new jobs in the supply chain, helping in rural development in the process.
2. Production of 2G Bioethanol: The collected biomass is processed to produce second-generation (2G) bioethanol, a clean and renewable fuel. Unlike first-generation biofuels, which are made from food crops, 2G bioethanol is produced from non-food biomass, making it more sustainable.
3. Silica and Gypsum: In addition to bioethanol, Khaitan Bio Energy produces Silica and Gypsum from agricultural waste. These are products that can easily be sold in the market, reducing the cost of ethanol production, making it more competitive with traditional 1G Ethanol prices.

Latest News on Pollution in India

Recent reports highlight the alarming state of pollution in India, especially in urban areas and agricultural regions. According to a 2024 report by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Delhi NCR experienced its worst air quality in three years, with AQI (Air Quality Index) levels consistently in the “severe” category during October and November.

Another report by The Hindu mentioned that despite various government initiatives, including subsidies for machinery like Happy Seeders and increased fines for burning, farmers continue to burn stubble due to high operational costs and a lack of awareness about sustainable alternatives.

In a positive development, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) recently announced additional funding for bioenergy projects aimed at converting crop residue into biofuels. This move aligns with India’s commitment to achieving 50% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030 as part of the Paris Agreement.

Why New Solutions Are Better Than Old Practices

Traditional farming practices, such as stubble burning, are quick and inexpensive but have severe long-term consequences for the environment and public health. New-age solutions, like those provided by Khaitan Bio Energy, offer multiple advantages:

1. Reduction in Air Pollution: By eliminating the need to burn stubble, these solutions help improve air quality and reduce the incidence of respiratory diseases.
2. Renewable Energy Production: Converting agricultural waste into biofuels contributes to clean energy production, helping reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
3. Economic Benefits for Farmers: Instead of incurring fines or spending on machinery, farmers can earn by selling their crop residue.
4. Soil Health Improvement: Biofertilizers produced from agricultural waste improve soil fertility, leading to better crop yields.
5. Climate Change Mitigation: Reducing emissions from agriculture is crucial to achieving global climate goals. Bioenergy solutions play a significant role in cutting down GHG emissions. Addressing stubble burning is a critical step on The Road to Net Zero, transforming agricultural waste into sustainable energy solutions

Government and Private Sector Collaboration

Tackling the issue of agricultural emissions requires a multi-stakeholder approach. While companies like Khaitan Bio Energy are leading the way with innovative solutions, government support is critical for scaling these initiatives. Some key areas where collaboration can make a difference include:

1. Subsidies for Bioenergy Projects: Providing financial incentives to companies involved in biofuel production can help scale operations.
2. Farmer Training Programs: Awareness campaigns and workshops can educate farmers about the benefits of selling crop residue instead of burning it.
3. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between the government and private players can lead to the establishment of more bioenergy plants and the development of efficient supply chains.

Hope for a better 2025

Achieving net zero emissions is a long-term goal that requires sustained efforts across sectors. In agriculture, the focus must be on promoting sustainable practices. Thus investing in clean technologies, and ensuring that farmers economically incentivize to adopt these practices.

Khaitan Bio Energy’s model of converting crop residue into biofuels serves as a shining example of how innovative solutions can address environmental challenges while providing economic benefits. Scaling such solutions across India can significantly reduce agricultural emissions, improve air quality, and contribute to the country’s renewable energy targets.

Conclusion

The road to net zero is a challenging one, but it is achievable with the right mix of policies, technologies, and community involvement. Reducing agricultural emissions, especially from practices like stubble burning, is a crucial step in this journey. Companies like Khaitan Bio Energy are playing a pivotal role by turning waste into valuable resources, showing that sustainable solutions can benefit both the environment and the economy.

As we move forward, it is essential to strengthen collaborations between the government, private sector, and farmers to build a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future. By embracing innovative solutions and scaling up efforts, India can not only overcome its pollution crisis but also set an example for the world in sustainable agriculture and clean energy. Together, we can make the vision of net zero a reality and ensure a better planet for future generations.

Introduction

Every year, as winter approaches, Delhi’s residents brace themselves for a familiar yet avoidable crisis: dangerously high levels of air pollution. This year is no exception. The air quality in Delhi has already worsened significantly, with the city’s Air Quality Index (AQI) reaching alarming levels. As reported by the India Meteorological Department and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, the situation has prompted the implementation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP).

On October 6, 2024, GRAP Stage I was activated, signalling that Delhi’s AQI had slipped into the “Poor” category (201-300). As the air quality further deteriorated into the “Very Poor” range (AQI 301-400), the city saw the enforcement of Stage II on October 21. Unfortunately, with winter setting in, conditions may worsen further, possibly necessitating the activation of even stricter measures. But while GRAP provides a systematic, emergency response to deal with rising pollution levels, it does not address the root causes of the problem, many of which lie outside Delhi’s borders, especially in the fields of Punjab and Haryana​.

Understanding GRAP and Its Role

The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) was introduced as a dynamic emergency framework designed to combat escalating pollution levels in Delhi-NCR. Developed and overseen by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). And this is in coordination with the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), GRAP triggered by worsening AQI levels. It is an essential tool in the government’s arsenal to fight air pollution, though it acts more like a band-aid solution than a long-term fix.

GRAP consists of four stages, each corresponding to progressively worse air quality levels:

Stage I – “Poor” air quality (AQI 201-300)

Focus on strict enforcement of emission control measures, including restrictions on diesel and petrol vehicles that are overaged, sweeping of roads, and water sprinkling to curb dust.

Stage II – “Very Poor” air quality (AQI 301-400)

Measures intensify with more targeted actions, such as restricting the use of diesel generators, focusing on pollution hotspots, and limiting construction activities.

Stage III – “Severe” air quality (AQI 401-450)

Actions include restricting the use of certain vehicles, possibly shifting students to online classes, and closing down construction sites that contribute to air pollution.

Stage IV – “Severe+” air quality (AQI >450)

This stage would see the complete shutdown of non-essential businesses and stringent restrictions on vehicle entry into Delhi​.

Despite these measures, GRAP is essentially a reactive mechanism. It attempts to manage pollution levels after they have already reached dangerous levels but does little to prevent the situation from developing in the first place.

Stubble Burning in Punjab and Haryana: A Major Culprit

One of the leading causes of Delhi’s air quality crisis during the winter months is stubble burning in the neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana. As farmers prepare their fields for the next crop cycle, many resort to burning the leftover paddy straw after harvesting. This method, though quick and efficient for farmers, releases vast amounts of smoke and particulate matter into the atmosphere. The result? A thick blanket of smog that envelops not only the fields but also nearby cities like Delhi, where it mixes with local pollutants from vehicles, construction dust, and industrial emissions.

Despite efforts by the government to curb this practice through fines and incentives, the situation remains largely unchanged. The Supreme Court recently criticised both Punjab and Haryana for their inadequate responses to the issue, labelling the continued incidents of stubble burning as an “absolute defiance” of the CAQM’s directives​.

A recent report revealed that 84% of Haryana’s stubble burning incidents are concentrated in just seven districts. It includes Fatehabad, Kaithal, Karnal, and Jind. This shows that while the problem is widespread, it is especially acute in certain areas​. The environmental and health impacts of this practice are severe, contributing significantly to the already hazardous pollution levels in the Delhi-NCR region. Year after year, this toxic cocktail of agricultural fires, local pollution sources, and unfavourable winter weather conditions pushes Delhi into a state of public health emergency.

Why Farmers Continue to Burn Stubble

Despite the harmful effects of stubble burning on the environment and public health, many farmers feel they have no other viable options. The costs associated with alternative methods of crop residue management, such as the use of specialised machines, are prohibitively high for most small-scale farmers. Additionally, the short window between harvesting one crop and sowing the next creates immense time pressure, leading many to opt for the quickest and easiest solution—burning the stubble.

The government has introduced various measures to discourage this practice, including promoting the use of crop residue management equipment like Happy Seeder machines and offering subsidies for these alternatives. However, adoption has been slow, partly due to the costs and logistical challenges involved. Enforcement of anti-burning laws has also been inconsistent, further compounding the issue​.

2G Ethanol: A Sustainable Solution to Stubble Burning

To address the stubble burning problem in a sustainable and economically viable way, India must look towards innovative solutions like the production of 2G ethanol. Unlike 1G ethanol, which is derived from food crops like sugarcane and maize. 2G ethanol is from agricultural waste. This includes the paddy straw that is currently burned in the fields of Punjab and Haryana.

The advantages of 2G ethanol are numerous. First, it provides farmers with an alternative to burning their crop residue. Instead of viewing stubble as waste to be disposed of, farmers could see it as a valuable resource that can be sold to ethanol production plants. This would not only reduce air pollution but also provide farmers with an additional source of income, making the transition away from stubble burning economically attractive.

Second, 2G ethanol contributes to India’s energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuels. India has set ambitious targets for ethanol blending in fuel, aiming for 20% ethanol blending by 2025. To meet these targets, the country will need to significantly ramp up ethanol production, and 2G ethanol from biomass is a key component of that strategy​.

Finally, the use of 2G ethanol has environmental benefits beyond just reducing air pollution. As a biofuel, ethanol produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions than traditional fossil fuels, contributing to India’s climate change mitigation goals. By adopting 2G ethanol on a large scale, India can make progress on multiple fronts: reducing air pollution, supporting farmers, and promoting clean energy.

Overcoming Challenges and Scaling Up 2G Ethanol

While the potential of 2G ethanol is clear, there are still challenges that need to address to make it a widespread solution. One of the biggest barriers is the lack of infrastructure for collecting and processing biomass on a large scale. Building 2G ethanol plants and setting up supply chains for collecting crop residue from farmers will require significant investment.

Government support will be crucial in this regard. Policymakers need to provide incentives for private companies to invest in ethanol production facilities and create a supportive regulatory environment. At the same time, farmers need to be educated about the benefits of selling their crop residue rather than burning it, and the government should ensure that they have access to the necessary logistics and support to make this transition​.

There are already signs of progress. The Indian government has launched several initiatives to promote 2G ethanol production, including financial support for setting up bio-refineries. However, much more needs to do to scale up these efforts and make 2G ethanol a mainstream solution to India’s stubble burning crisis.

Conclusion

The air quality in Delhi has deteriorated once again, pushing the city into a state of emergency and triggering the implementation of GRAP. While this framework provides a structured response to rising pollution levels, it is not a long-term solution. The root causes of Delhi’s winter smog lie in neighbouring states, particularly in the fields of Punjab and Haryana where farmers continue to burn their crop residue.

To solve this problem sustainably, India must embrace 2G ethanol as a viable alternative. By converting agricultural waste into biofuel, 2G ethanol not only addresses the issue of stubble burning but also contributes to the country’s clean energy goals. With the right investments and policy support, 2G ethanol could be the key to reducing air pollution, supporting farmers, and building a cleaner, healthier future for Delhi and beyond.

Introduction

Despite efforts by the government to curb farm fires, including imposing fines, the practice has not seen a significant decline in Punjab. In fact, incidents of stubble burning have increased in recent years, contributing to severe air pollution across the region, especially during the winter months. In 2023, the state recorded 119 farm fire cases in just one day​. While 81 cases of stubble burning have been reported in Punjab this Kharif season (which officially starts from September 15th and runs through to November 30th) so far. This signals a persistent challenge for both the environment and the local government.

Why Farmers Resort to Stubble Burning

The key reason farmers resort to burning crop residue is the short window between the harvesting of paddy and the sowing of wheat. Since removing stubble mechanically can be time-consuming and costly, many farmers have no option but to set fire to the remaining straw to prepare the fields quickly for the next crop. Despite the government’s initiatives to ban stubble burning and impose penalties ranging from ₹2,500 to ₹15,000 per incident, enforcement has remained weak​.

Farm unions, too, have opposed the punitive measures. They were arguing that unless a financially viable solution is provided, farmers are left with no option but to continue burning stubble. In the absence of effective alternatives, this practice remains a deeply rooted issue that impacts both the agricultural community and the environment.

Environmental Impact of Farm Fires

The environmental consequences of stubble burning are dire. It contributes significantly to air pollution, releasing harmful gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. This not only deteriorates air quality but also leads to smog formation, particularly in Delhi and neighbouring regions. In addition, stubble burning depletes the soil of essential nutrients, making land less fertile over time. Despite efforts to curb it, 36,000 incidents of stubble burning reported last year in Punjab​.

The Promise of 2G Ethanol: A Sustainable Solution

One promising solution to the problem of stubble burning lies in the production of 2G ethanol, a biofuel produced from agricultural residues, including rice straw. This second-generation ethanol technology could help address both environmental and economic challenges by converting crop waste into clean energy.

Khaitan Bio Energy is one company that is pioneering this approach, utilizing 2G ethanol technology to convert rice straw—a key crop residue in Punjab—into ethanol. This technology offers a dual advantage: it provides farmers with a financially viable alternative to burning stubble while contributing to India’s renewable energy goals.

How 2G Ethanol Works

2G ethanol, unlike its first-generation counterpart (produced from food crops like sugarcane or corn), is derived from non-food biomass, such as agricultural waste and crop residues. Khaitan BioEnergy’s 2G ethanol technology uses rice straw as the primary raw material, which is abundantly available in Punjab due to extensive paddy farming. The process involves breaking down the lignocellulosic components of the rice straw into fermentable sugars. This are then undergo convertion into ethanol through microbial fermentation.

This waste-to-energy approach not only reduces the environmental burden of stubble burning but also creates an additional revenue stream for farmers. By selling their crop residues to ethanol plants, farmers can offset their operational costs and contribute to the circular economy.

Benefits of 2G Ethanol

Reduction in Air Pollution: 

2G ethanol production directly addresses the issue of air pollution caused by farm fires. By converting rice straw into biofuel, the harmful emissions associated with burning crop residue are eliminated.

Economic Opportunities for Farmers: 

The sale of rice straw to bioenergy plants offers farmers an economic incentive to stop burning their crop residues. This provides a sustainable income while also contributing to a greener environment.

Energy Security and Renewable Energy:

 2G ethanol is a renewable energy source that can help India reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. It also aligns with the country’s goals of achieving 20% ethanol blending by 2025 under the National Biofuel Policy.

Soil Health Preservation: 

By preventing the burning of stubble, 2G ethanol helps maintain soil fertility. Burning depletes essential nutrients from the soil, which can reduce crop yields over time.

Challenges in Implementation

While 2G ethanol offers a promising solution, scaling up its production and adoption requires significant investment in infrastructure, technology, and logistics. There is also a need for government support in the form of incentives and subsidies to encourage farmers to shift from traditional stubble-burning practices to more sustainable alternatives.

Additionally, raising awareness among farmers about the environmental and economic benefits of 2G ethanol is crucial for widespread adoption. Although 27% fewer incidents of farm fires were reported in 2023 compared to 2022, the problem persists, highlighting the need for more robust solutions​.

Conclusion: A Path Forward with 2G Ethanol

Farm fires in Punjab remain a pressing environmental issue, exacerbated by the short harvesting window and limited financially viable alternatives for farmers. However, the emergence of 2G ethanol technology, such as that pioneered by Khaitan Bio Energy, provides a sustainable solution. By converting crop residues like rice straw into biofuels, 2G ethanol addresses both the environmental harm caused by stubble burning and the economic challenges faced by farmers.

The path to a sustainable future requires collaboration between the government, industry, and the farming community. With the right incentives and investment in 2G ethanol production, Punjab could see a significant reduction in farm fires, leading to cleaner air, healthier soil, and a greener energy future.